Scientific References

Epimedium (Horny Goat Weed)

1. Shindel AW, Xin ZC, Lin G, et al. Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1518-1528. PubMed Reference
2. Ma H, He X, Yang Y, Li M, Hao D, Jia Z. The genus Epimedium: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;134(3):519-541. PubMed Reference

Eurycoma Longifolia (Tongkat Ali)

1. Talbott SM, Talbott JA, George A, Pugh M. Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10:28. PubMed Reference
2. Tambi MI, Imran MK, Henkel RR. Standardised water-soluble extract of Eurycoma longifolia, Tongkat ali, as testosterone booster for managing men with late-onset hypogonadism? Andrologia. 2012;44 Suppl 1:226-230. PubMed Reference
3. Henkel RR, Wang R, Bassett SH, et al. Tongkat Ali as a potential herbal supplement for physically active male and female seniors — a pilot study. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28(4):544-550. PubMed Reference

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens)

1. Suter A, Saller R, Riedi E, Heinrich M. Improving BPH symptoms and sexual dysfunctions with a saw palmetto preparation? Results from a pilot trial. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(2):218-226. PubMed Reference
2. Vela-Navarrete R, Alcaraz A, Rodríguez-Antolín A, et al. Efficacy and safety of a hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU International. 2018;122(6):1049-1065. PubMed Reference

Wild Yam (Dioscorea Villosa)

1. Park MK, Kwon HY, Ahn WS, Bae S, Rhyu MR, Lee Y. Estrogen activities and the cellular effects of natural progesterone from wild yam extract. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2009;37(1):159-167. PubMed Reference
2. Wojcikowski K, Wohlmuth H, Johnson DW, Gobe G. Dioscorea villosa: pharmacological and traditional uses. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(9):3122-3131. PubMed Reference

Sarsaparilla (Smilax Officinalis)

1. Cox SD, Jayasinghe KC, Markham JL. Antioxidant activity in Australian native sarsaparilla (Smilax glyciphylla). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;101(1-3):162-168. PubMed Reference
2. She T, Qu L, Wang L, et al. Sarsaparilla (Smilax glabra Rhizome) Extract: Pharmacological Properties. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2015;43(4):777-797. PubMed Reference

Nettle Root (Urtica Dioica)

1. Safarinejad MR. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 2005;5(4):1-11. PubMed Reference
2. Nahata A, Dixit VK. Ameliorative effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia. 2012;44 Suppl 1:396-409. PubMed Reference

Boron

1. Naghii MR, Mofid M, Asgari AR, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS. Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2011;25(1):54-58. PubMed Reference
2. Pizzorno L. Nothing Boring About Boron. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal. 2015;14(4):35-48. PubMed Reference
3. Nielsen FH. Update on human health effects of boron. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2014;28(4):383-387. PubMed Reference

General Male Wellness & Vitality

1. Wu FC, Tajar A, Beynon JM, et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;363(2):123-135. PubMed Reference
2. Travison TG, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, et al. A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007;92(1):196-202. PubMed Reference